The Safavids and “Candechar, King of the Indies”: Polish-Lithuanian Intelligence on Safavid-Mughal Relations

Abstract The relations between the Islamic empires of early modern period—the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals—have long been subject research, as have links each them Europe. present paper adopts a different approach, addressing Central Eastern Europe part single geopolitical continuum. This is done by focusing on events late 1630s—the Safavid-Mughal conflict over Kandahar Ottoman-Safavid Treaty Zohāb (1639)—and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth’s interest in them, well how these issues are reflected sources, including Polish intelligence reports Safavid Mughal chronicles. Such an examination shows not only scope various state actors global affairs, but also offers us glimpse into intertwined political Eurasia.